5G相關技術、概念及應用場景 (3) - Next Generation Core (NGC or 5G Core Network)
Core-Network Evaluation
這篇我們來講一講核心網路(Core Network)的演進
CUPS
為了擺脫專用硬件,增加Operator在服務的擴增和傳輸設備擴建上的彈性,降低CAPEX以及OPEX,我們在現有的核心網路(EPC)中引進了SDN的概念,將Control Plane和Data plane進行分離,3GPP把他稱為CUPS:Control and User Plane Separation,CUPS可以有以下的特性/優勢:
- Reducing Latency on application service, e.g. by selecting User plane nodes which are closer to the RAN or more appropriate for the intended UE usage type without increasing the number of control plane nodes.
- Supporting Increase of Data Traffic, by enabling to add user plane nodes without changing the number of SGW-C, PGW-C and TDF-C in the network.
- Locating and Scaling the CP and UP resources of the EPC nodes independently.
- Independent evolution of the CP and UP functions.
- Enabling Software Defined Networking to deliver user plane data more efficiently.
其實核心網路一直以來的演進,都是朝向CUPS的方向,下圖是從3GPP R6到R8的核網架構演進,從3G的SGSN到4G的MME出現,分離出原本在SGSN上Signaling plane及決策/管理功能,User plane的功能越來越趨向單純,這個部分在5G會做更明確的分離,最終目標是用白牌硬件(General-purpose Hardware)取代S-GW和P-GW(5G核網稱做UPF)現在的角色。
以下提供一些參考資料:
5G Core Network & SBA
4G到5G上的架構演進,如上面這張投影片,由Dedicated entities/protocols/hardware,演進為SBA (Service Based Architecture),導入NFV、Network Slicing及Softwarization的概念,將原本的網路功能(如MME中的Mobility management、Authentication),虛擬化為NF (Network Function),使5G的核網變為更加的Extensible、Flexible,3GPP於TS 23.501中訂定5G SBA架構,請參考下圖:
- RAN:等同於LTE裡的eNodeB
- UPF:等同於CUPS後的S-GW-U和P-GW-U,主要用於Data的傳輸
- SMF :包含了MME、S-GW-C、P-GW-C和Session相關的function
- AMF :包含了MME、S-GW-C、P-GW-C和Mobility相關的function,像是authentication、NAS signaling等
- NSSF :NSSF主要的功能為決定一個連上來的UE,應該使用哪些服務,進而決定由哪個AMF服務這個UE,這邊的辨別,依照的是NSSAI (Network Slice Selection Assistance Information)
- NEF:類似於EPC中的SCEF (Service Capability Exposure Function),就是允許外部元件(or AF)存取部分UE資訊、改變UE的行為等
- NRF:NRF提供一個NF之間溝通的橋梁,例如某一個NF想要知道另一個(含有特定資訊/功能的)NF是否存在以及使用該NF或是取得該NF中的資訊
- UDM:包含了UDR (Unified Data Repository)和FE (Front End),UDR的功能類似於EPC中的HSS,用於儲存用戶和管理用戶資料,而FE的功能則是一個存取UDR資料的前端
- AUSF:用於處理認證的過程,類似於EPC中MME和HSS負責用戶認證的部分
- PCF:類似於EPC中的PCRF (Policy and Charging Function),主要用於計費等
- AF:AF可以利用SBA中的NF,例如用戶資料、計費方式等等,設計服務/APP,用於提供客戶/UE Service,類似於SDN Controller上的APP
- 註:在TS 23.335中,有提到UDC (User Data Convergence),主要是將UDM、AUSF和PCF這三個和用戶資料、計費相關的元件整合為UDC,用以確保資料的一致性和降低Control plane中重複的signaling
在SBA的架構中,任何NF可以分為Producer和Consumer,而NRF則做為協調者的角色,如上述例子,當一個新的NF(Producer)加入時,這個NF (Producer)會向NRF進行註冊,而當有ㄧ個NF (Consumer)需要使用一個NF(Producer)時,則它會向NRF詢問是否有這個NF(Producer)存在,而這個NF(Producer)是否是它可以被允許(由NRF決定)使用的,假設這個NF存在,NRF也授權它(Consumer)使用,則它才向那個NF (Producer)提出使用此一NF(Producer)的請求,並在此一NF(Producer)授權之後進行使用。
而SBI (Service Based Interface)所使用的protocol如上圖所示:
- HTTP/2 adopted as the application layer protocol for the service based interfaces
- TCP adopted as the transport layer protocol;
- Use of QUIC, binary encoding (e.g. CBOR) and other aspects are left FFS for possible support in future releases;
- JSON adopted as the serialization protocol;
- REST-style service design whenever possible and custom (RPCbased) methods otherwise.
SBA & MEC
和SBA一樣,MEC (Mobile Edge Computing)也使用RESTful API當作溝通的介面,ETSI也針對MEC和4G/5G Core Network的整合做了一些假設,如上圖所示,MEC Orchestrator作為MEC的Controller,對於MEC內部的資源/Service進行管控,而其對應到5G Core Network的角色就是AF (Application Function),如下圖所示,此一假設是MEC與UPF進行結合為一個MEC Host,MEC Orchestrator透過Naf interface(會經由NEF)調整UE所存取的Service (類似於4G的PDN),進而告知SMF此一UE所要導向的位置(PDN)。
再說的更清楚一點,MEC Orchestrator對於UE/MEC Host的管理和配置,主要是透過NEF來進行,我們先來看一下NEF的功能:
- Monitoring: Allows an external entity to request or subscribe to UE related events of interest. The monitored events include a UE’s roaming status, UE loss of connectivity, UE reachability and location related events (e.g. location of a specific UE, or identification of UEs within a geographical area). The AMF & UDM are the key entities in providing access to such event information.
- Provisioning: Allows an external entity to provision expected UE behaviour to the 5G system, for instance predicted UE movement, or communication characteristics.
- Policy and Charging: Handles QoS and charging policy for UE based requests made by an external party, which also facilitates sponsored data services. The PCF is the key entity with regard to Policy and Charging Control (PCC), although most NFs are involved to some degree in supporting the PCC framework.
可以看到,AF可以透過NEF取得UE的連線狀態,以及改變UE的行為(例如經過哪個UPF),所以我們就可以針對UE的狀態以及其他資訊(存於UDM中或藉由RAN蒐集來的資訊),改變MEC Host中的配置和儲存的資料,有點像是cache的概念,作業系統預測什麼資料最常被存取,就將常被存取的東西放在cache中,達到加速的效果。
上圖中,MEC跟UPF結合只是其中一個選項,ETSI還提出了幾種可能的MEC擺放方式,如下圖所示:
- MEC and the local UPF collocated with the Base Station.
- MEC collocated with a transmission node, possibly with a local UPF
- MEC and the local UPF collocated with a network aggregation point
- MEC collocated with the Core Network functions (i.e. in the same data centre)
Network Slicing
如圖所示,不同需求的UE將使用不同的Network Slice,而每個Slice有各自的AMF(如上圖不同顏色AMF)進行管控,而因為核網功能都已經虛擬化為NF (Network Function),所以這些NF可以動態的佈建在白牌設備(General-purpose hardware)上。
另外提供一些參考資訊:
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